Surviving Human Nature

Bibliography

Preface — The God and/or Evolution Question
Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species. John Murray.
Coyne, Jerry A. 2009. Why Evolution Is True. Viking.
Peacocke, Arthur. 2001. Evolution and the Christian Faith. Fortress Press.

Preface — A Humanistic Perspective
Pinker, Steven. 2018. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.
Harris, Sam. 2010. The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values. Free Press.

1 Humans: The Complexly Simple Animal
Baumeister, Roy F. 1998. “The Self.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey. McGraw-Hill.
Herculano-Houzel, Suzana. 2009. “The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-Up Primate Brain.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.” Econometrica.
Mauss, Marcel. 1990. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by W. D. Halls. W. W. Norton.
Sapolsky, Robert M. 2017. Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Press.
Schultz, Wolfram. 2015. “Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data.” Physiological Reviews.

2 Body-Mind: A Whole Package
“Ask the Scientists.” 2026. “7 Neurotransmitters Involved in the Brain-Body Connection.” (Online article).
Barsalou, Lawrence W. 2008. “Grounded Cognition.” Annual Review of Psychology.
Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Damasio, Antonio R. 2010. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. Pantheon Books.
Proffitt, Dennis R., and Drake Baer. 2020. Perception: How Our Bodies Shape Our Minds. (Publisher not specified).
Sapolsky, Robert M. 2017. Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Press.

3 Consciousness: The Great Mystery
Baars, Bernard J. 1988. A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge University Press.
Barrett, Lisa Feldman. 2017. How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Bernstein, Robert. 2024. “Famed Neuroscientist Christof Koch Speaks on Consciousness.” (Online article).
Blackmore, Susan. 2017. Consciousness: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Damasio, Antonio R. 2010. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. Pantheon Books.
Delbert, Caroline. 2024. “A Unified Theory of Consciousness.” Popular Mechanics.
Dennett, Daniel C. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown and Company.
Goff, Philip. 2023. “Understanding Consciousness Goes Beyond Exploring Brain Chemistry.” Scientific American.
Guay, Christian, and Emery N. Brown. 2024. “Consciousness Is a Continuum.” Scientific American.
Kerchner, Michael. 2012. Student Handbook to Psychology: Brain and Mind V3. Facts On File.
Lewis, Ralph. 2023. “Integrated Information Theory (IIT) and Consciousness.” Psychology Today.
Satel, Sally, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. 2015. Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. Basic Books.
Walling, Peter. 2000. “Consciousness: A Brief Review of the Riddle.” National Institutes of Health.

4 Our Kind Heritage: The Case for Optimism
Batson, C. Daniel. 1991. The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Churchland, Patricia S. 2019. Conscience: The Origins of Moral Intuition. W. W. Norton & Company.
Darwin, Charles. 1871. The Descent of Man. John Murray.
Lennick, Doug, and Fred Kiel. 2007. Moral Intelligence 2.0. FT Press.
Nylan, Michael. 2008. The Five “Confucian” Classics. Yale University Press.
Pfaff, Donald W. 2014. The Altruistic Brain: How We Are Naturally Good. Oxford University Press.
Singer, Tania, Ben Seymour, John O’Doherty, Holger Kaube, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith. 2004. “Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but Not Sensory Components of Pain.” Science.
Tomasello, Michael. 2009. Why We Cooperate. MIT Press.
Warneken, Felix, and Michael Tomasello. 2006. “Altruistic Helping in Human Infants and Young Chimpanzees.” Science.

5 Our Cruel Heritage: The Case for Pessimism
Al-Rodhan, Nayef R. F. 2021. Emotional Amoral Egoism and the Five Motivators of Humankind. James Clarke & Company.
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.
Golding, William. 1954. Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon Books.
Jørgensen, Søren S., et al. 2023. “Fourteen Potential Evolutionary Dead Ends for Humanity.” Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Milgram, Stanley. 1963. “Behavioral Study of Obedience.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (4): 371–378.
Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
Shaw, Julia. 2019. Evil: The Science Behind Humanity’s Dark Side. Abrams Press.
Zimbardo, Philip G. 2007. The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. Random House.

6 Guardrails: Moral Codes, Ethics, and Laws
Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. 2012. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown.
Aristotle. 4th century BCE. Nicomachean Ethics. Hackett Publishing.
Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking.
Freud, Sigmund. 1930. Civilization and Its Discontents. W. W. Norton.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2011. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Fuller, Lon L. 1969. The Morality of Law. Harvard University Press.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon Books.
Hobbes, Thomas. 1651. Leviathan. Oxford University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1785. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge University Press.
Mill, John Stuart. 1863. Utilitarianism. Hackett Publishing.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
Rawls, John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
United Nations. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations.

8 Reality — Whether We Like It or Not
Ariely, Dan. 2012. The (Honest) Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone—Especially Ourselves. Harper.
Diamond, Jared. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking.
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
Feynman, Richard P. 1965. The Character of Physical Law. MIT Press.
Griffiths, David J. 2018. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.
Heisenberg, Werner. 1927. “Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik.” Zeitschrift für Physik 43 (3–4): 172–198.
Hoffman, Donald D. 2019. The Case Against Reality: Why Evolution Hid the Truth from Our Eyes. W. W. Norton & Company.
Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason. (Various editions and translations).
Korzybski, Alfred. 1933. Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. The International Non-Aristotelian Library Publishing Company.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1945. Phenomenology of Perception. Gallimard.
Nagel, Thomas. 1974. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?” The Philosophical Review 83 (4): 435–450.
Newton, Isaac. 1687. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (Various editions and translations).
Wester, Linde. 2017. “The Paradox of Reality.” Ex Aula Research Journal.

9 Influencers: Truth Tellers and Liars
Bartlett, Frederic C. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Cillizza, Chris. 2019. “This One Chart Explains How Bad Fox News Is for Our Politics.” CNN.
Cookson, Darel. 2022. “Intelligence Doesn’t Make You Immune to Conspiracy Theories.” The Conversation.
Fisher, Max. 2022. The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How Social Media Rewired Our Minds and Our World. Little, Brown and Company.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon Books.
Harari, Yuval Noah. 2018. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Harper.
Harris, Sam. 2013. Lying. Four Elephants Press.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ullrich K. H. Ecker, and John Cook. 2017. “Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the Post-Truth Era.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 6 (4): 353–369.
Mercier, Hugo, and Dan Sperber. 2017. The Enigma of Reason. Harvard University Press.
Ogden, C. K., and I. A. Richards. 1923. The Meaning of Meaning. Harcourt, Brace & World.
Raden, Aja. 2021. The Truth About Lies: The Illusion of Honesty and the Evolution of Deceit. St. Martin’s Press.
Richer, Stephen. 2021. “What Happened to Trusted Experts.” CNN.
Simler, Kevin, and Robin Hanson. 2017. The Elephant in the Brain: Hidden Motives in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press.
Sloman, Steven, and Philip Fernbach. 2017. The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone. Riverhead Books.
Williams, Matt N. 2024. “People Do Change Their Beliefs About Conspiracy Theories—But Not Often.” La Trobe University.
World Health Organization. 2021. Communicating Risk in Public Health Emergencies. World Health Organization.

10 Sensory and Cognitive Limitations
7 Senses Foundation. 2013. “What Are the 7 Senses?” http://www.7senses.org.au/what-are-the-7-senses/
Gärdenfors, Peter. 2023. “How the Brain Fills in the Blanks.” Psychology Today.
Miller, George A. 1956. “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information.” Psychological Review.
Safran, Jeremy D. 2019. “Can You Have Two Thoughts at Once?” Psychology Today.
Siegel, Susanna. 2005. “The Problem of Perception.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Simon, Paul. 1969. The Boxer. Columbia Records.
Simons, Daniel J., and Christopher F. Chabris. 1999. “Gorillas in Our Midst: Sustained Inattentional Blindness for Dynamic Events.” Perception.

11 Mental Health
American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5-TR. American Psychiatric Publishing.
Harvard Medical School. 2023. “Half the World’s Population Will Experience a Mental Health Disorder.” Harvard University.
Kessler, Ronald C., Wai Tat Chiu, Olga Demler, and Ellen E. Walters. 2005. “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” JAMA.
National Institute of Mental Health. 2023. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.” National Institute of Mental Health.
National Institute of Mental Health. 2024. “Mental Illness Statistics.” National Institute of Mental Health.
Slade, Tim, Alisa Johnston, Mark A. Oakley Browne, Gavin Andrews, and Harvey Whiteford. 2009. “National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Methods and Key Findings.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.
Steel, Zachary, Claire Marnane, C. Iranpour, Tim Chey, James W. Jackson, Vikram Patel, and Derrick Silove. 2014. “The Global Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” International Journal of Epidemiology.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2023. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Tyrer, Peter, Geoffrey M. Reed, and Michael J. Crawford. 2015. “Classification, Assessment, Prevalence, and Effect of Personality Disorder.” The Lancet Psychiatry.
World Health Organization. 2022. World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. 2023. “Mental Disorders.” World Health Organization.

12 Habits and Addictions
Duhigg, Charles. 2012. The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business. Random House.
Goodman, Aviel. 1990. “Addiction: Definition and Implications.” British Journal of Addiction.
Grant, Jon E., Marc N. Potenza, Aviv Weinstein, and David A. Gorelick. 2010. “Introduction to Behavioral Addictions.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
Graybiel, Ann M. 2008. “Habits, Rituals, and the Evaluative Brain.” Annual Review of Neuroscience.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2020. “The Science of Drug Use and Addiction: The Basics.” National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Volkow, Nora D., and George F. Koob. 2015. “Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Why Is It So Controversial?” The Lancet Psychiatry.
Wood, Wendy, and Dennis Rünger. 2016. “Psychology of Habit.” Annual Review of Psychology.

13 Cognitive Biases: Short Cuts and Dead Ends
Agarwal, Pragya. 2020. “What Neuroimaging Can Tell Us About Our Unconscious Biases.” Scientific American.
Benson, Buster, and John Manoogian III. 2016. The Cognitive Bias Codex: A Visual Taxonomy of 180+ Cognitive Biases.
Buss, David M. 2019. Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. 6th ed. Routledge.
Cialdini, Robert B. 1984. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion. William Morrow.
Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby. 1997. Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer. Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California, San Diego.
De Backer, Gust. 2026. Cognitive Biases: Complete List of 151 Biases. Gust de Backer Psychology.
Feltham, Eric, Laura Forastiere, and Nicholas A. Christakis. 2025. “Cognitive Representations of Social Networks in Isolated Villages.” Nature Human Behaviour.
Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2007. Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking.
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Lewis, Ralph. 2023. “The Predictive Brain and the ‘Hard Problem’ of Consciousness.” Psychology Today.
Pinker, Steven. 2002. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking.
Ropeik, David. 2011. “The Perception Gap: Why People Maintain Irrational Fears.” Scientific American.
Rosling, Hans, Ola Rosling, and Anna Rosling Rönnlund. 2018. Factfulness: Ten Reasons We’re Wrong About the World—and Why Things Are Better Than You Think. Flatiron Books.

14 Memory
Baddeley, Alan D., and Graham J. Hitch. 1974. “Working Memory.” In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, edited by Gordon H. Bower. Academic Press.
Bartlett, Frederic C. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
Bransford, John D., Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking, eds. 2000. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. National Academies Press.
Christophel, Thomas B., P. C. Klink, B. Spitzer, Pieter R. Roelfsema, and John-Dylan Haynes. 2017. “The Distributed Nature of Working Memory.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
Churchland, Patricia S. 2013. Touching a Nerve: The Self as Brain. W. W. Norton & Company.
Eichenbaum, Howard. 2017. “Memory: Organization and Control.” Annual Review of Psychology.
Flavell, John H. 1979. “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring.” American Psychologist.
Loftus, Elizabeth F. 2005. “Planting Misinformation in the Human Mind: A 30-Year Investigation of the Malleability of Memory.” Learning & Memory.
Mayer, Richard E. 2011. Thinking, Problem Solving, Cognition. W. H. Freeman.
McGaugh, James L. 2003. Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories. Columbia University Press.
Oberauer, Klaus. 2009. “Design for a Working Memory.” Psychology of Learning and Motivation.
Park, Denise C., and Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz. 2009. “The Adaptive Brain: Aging and Neurocognitive Scaffolding.” Annual Review of Psychology.
Ranganath, Charan. 2024. Why We Remember: Unlocking Memory’s Power to Hold on to What Matters. Doubleday.
Schacter, Daniel L. 1999. “The Seven Sins of Memory: Insights from Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience.” American Psychologist.
Small, Gary W. 2001. “Age-Related Memory Loss: Normal or Not?” JAMA.
Squire, Larry R., and Eric R. Kandel. 2008. Memory: From Mind to Molecules. Roberts & Company.
Stokes, Mark G. 2015. “‘Activity-Silent’ Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
Tulving, Endel. 2002. “Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain.” Annual Review of Psychology.
Zand, Hamid. 2025. “Does the Self Exist Outside the Brain?” Psychology Today.

15 The Truth about Knowledge; Our Knowledge of Truth
Anderson, John R. 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Harvard University Press.
Audi, Robert. 2011. Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. Routledge.
Blackburn, Simon. 2005. Truth: A Guide. Oxford University Press.
Churchland, Patricia S. 2013. Touching a Nerve: The Self as Brain. W. W. Norton & Company.
Eichenbaum, Howard. 2017. Memory: Organization and Control. Oxford University Press.
Gettier, Edmund L. 1963. “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” Analysis.
Haque, Nurul Muhammad. 2014. “What Is the Difference Between Knowledge & Belief?” Alochonaa.
Hohwy, Jakob. 2013. The Predictive Mind. Oxford University Press.
Kucharski, Adam. 2025. Proof: The Art and Science of Certainty. Basic Books.
Plato. 4th century BCE. Theaetetus. Hackett Publishing Company.
Schacter, Daniel L. 2001. The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers. Houghton Mifflin.
Sloman, Steven A., and Philip Fernbach. 2017. The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone. Riverhead Books.

17 They Believe What?!
Boyer, Pascal. 2001. Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought. Basic Books.
Foster, Kevin R., and Hanna Kokko. 2009. “The Evolution of Superstitious and Superstition-Like Behaviour.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.
Frazer, James G. 1890. The Golden Bough. Macmillan.
Gardner, Robert, and Karl G. Heider. 1968. Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. Random House.
Garwood, Christine. 2008. Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea. Thomas Dunne Books.
Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1996. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. State University of New York Press.
Icke, David. 1998. The Biggest Secret: The Book That Will Change the World. David Icke Books.
Jasmuheen. 1998. Living on Light: The Source of Nourishment for the New Millennium. Natures First Law.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1957. The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Harvard University Press.
Mellen, Joe. 2015. Bore Hole. Strange Attractor Press.
Opie, Iona, and Moira Tatem. 1989. A Dictionary of Superstitions. Oxford University Press.
Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. Bloomsbury Press.
Rothschild, Mike. 2022. The Storm Is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything. Melville House.
Shermer, Michael. 2011. The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies—How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths. Times Books.
Skinner, B. F. 1948. “Superstition in the Pigeon.” Journal of Experimental Psychology.
Standish, David. 2006. Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizations, and Marvelous Machines Below the Earth’s Surface. Da Capo Press.
Urban, Hugh B. 2011. The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press.
Zeller, Benjamin E. 2014. Heaven’s Gate: America’s UFO Religion. New York University Press.

18 About Belief
Bond, Allison. 2010. “Belief in the Brain.” Scientific American.
Connors, Michael H., and Peter W. Halligan. 2015. “A Cognitive Account of Belief: A Tentative Road Map.” Frontiers in Psychology.
Fuentes, Agustín. 2019. Why We Believe: Evolution and the Human Way of Being. Yale University Press.
Law, Stephen. 2011. Believing Bullshit: How Not to Get Sucked into an Intellectual Black Hole. Prometheus Books.
McGuire, Michael T. 2013. Believing: The Neuroscience of Fantasies, Fears, and Convictions. Prometheus Books.
Nilsson, Nils J. 2014. Understanding Beliefs. MIT Press.
Schaffner, Anna Katharina. 2020. “Core Beliefs: 12 Worksheets to Challenge Negative Beliefs.” Positive Psychology.

19 Values
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. 2006. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. W. W. Norton.
Aristotle. 4th century BCE. Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford University Press.
Berkowitz, Marvin W., and Melinda C. Bier. 2005. What Works in Character Education: A Research-Driven Guide for Educators. Character Education Partnership.
Durkheim, Émile. 1912. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Free Press.
Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Michael Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge University Press.
Lennick, Doug, Fred Kiel, and Kathy Jordan. 2011. Moral Intelligence 2.0: Enhancing Business Performance and Leadership Success in Turbulent Times. Prentice Hall.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. University of Notre Dame Press.
Noddings, Nel. 2013. Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. University of California Press.
Peterson, Christopher, and Martin E. P. Seligman. 2004. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. Oxford University Press.
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
Schwartz, Shalom H. 1994. “Are There Universal Aspects in the Content and Structure of Values?” Journal of Social Issues.
Tomasello, Michael. 2016. A Natural History of Human Morality. Harvard University Press.

20 Needs and Motivations
Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. 1995. “The Need to Belong.” Psychological Bulletin.
Berk, Laura E. 2023. Development Through the Lifespan. Pearson.
Deci, Edward L., and Richard M. Ryan. 2000. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist.
Erikson, Erik H. 1950. Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton.
Erikson, Erik H. 1968. Identity: Youth and Crisis. W. W. Norton.
Erikson, Erik H. 1982. The Life Cycle Completed. W. W. Norton.
Frankl, Viktor E. 1946. Man’s Search for Meaning. Franz Deuticke.
Marcia, James E. 1966. “Development and Validation of Ego-Identity Status.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Maslow, Abraham H. 1943. “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review.
Shaffer, David R., and Katherine Kipp. 2013. Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Cengage.
Thagard, Paul. 2025. “What Is Desire?” (Online post).

21 Pleasure and Happiness
Aristotle. 4th century BCE. Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford University Press.
Augustine of Hippo. 1991. Confessions. Oxford University Press.
Berridge, Kent C., and Morten L. Kringelbach. 2015. “Pleasure Systems in the Brain.” Neuron.
Brickman, Philip, and Donald T. Campbell. 1971. “Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society.” In Adaptation-Level Theory, edited by M. H. Appley. Academic Press.
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.
Diener, Ed. 1984. “Subjective Well-Being.” Psychological Bulletin.
Diener, Ed, and Martin E. P. Seligman. 2002. “Very Happy People.” Psychological Science.
Kahneman, Daniel, Ed Diener, and Norbert Schwarz, eds. 1999. Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
Kasser, Tim. 2002. The High Price of Materialism. MIT Press.
Kringelbach, Morten L., and Kent C. Berridge. 2017. “The Neuroscience of Pleasure.” Current Biology.
Post, Stephen G. 2005. “Altruism, Happiness, and Health: It’s Good to Be Good.” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine.
Rahula, Walpola. 1974. What the Buddha Taught. Grove Press.
Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. 2001. “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being.” Annual Review of Psychology.
Ryff, Carol D. 1989. “Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Seligman, Martin E. P. 2011. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Free Press.
Uchida, Yukiko, and Shinobu Kitayama. 2009. “Happiness and Unhappiness in East and West.” Emotion.

22 Emotions: The Palette for Our Lives
Cohen, Sheldon, et al. 2016. “Psychological Stress and Disease.” JAMA.
Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Ekman, Paul. 1992. “An Argument for Basic Emotions.” Cognition & Emotion.
Fredrickson, Barbara L. 2001. “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology.” American Psychologist.
Izard, Carroll E. 2007. “Basic Emotions, Natural Kinds, Emotion Schemas, and a New Paradigm.” Perspectives on Psychological Science.
LeDoux, Joseph E. 1996. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.
Panksepp, Jaak. 1998. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press.
Plutchik, Robert. 2001. “The Nature of Emotions.” American Scientist.
Russell, James A. 2003. “Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion.” Psychological Review.
Sapolsky, Robert M. 2004. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. W. H. Freeman.
Seligman, Martin E. P. 2011. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being. Free Press.

23 War of the Inner Worlds
Aronson, Elliot. 1969. “The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
Cooper, Joel. 2007. Cognitive Dissonance: 50 Years of a Classic Theory. Sage Publications.
Festinger, Leon. 1957. A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
Festinger, Leon, and James M. Carlsmith. 1959. “Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance.” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology.
Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Cindy Harmon-Jones. 2007. “Cognitive Dissonance Theory After 50 Years of Development.” Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie.
Harmon-Jones, Eddie, and Judson Mills. 1999. Cognitive Dissonance: Progress on a Pivotal Theory in Social Psychology. American Psychological Association.
Izuma, Keise. 2013. “The Neural Basis of Cognitive Dissonance.” Neuroscience Research.
Jarcho, Johanna M., Elliot T. Berkman, and Matthew D. Lieberman. 2011. “The Neural Basis of Rationalization: Cognitive Dissonance Reduction During Decision-Making.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
Stone, Jeff, and Nicholas C. Fernandez. 2008. “To Practice What We Preach: The Use of Hypocrisy and Cognitive Dissonance to Motivate Behavior Change.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
Tavris, Carol, and Elliot Aronson. 2007. Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts. Harcourt.

24 Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Decision Making
Bechara, Antoine, Hanna Damasio, and Antonio R. Damasio. 1999. “Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex.” Cerebral Cortex.
Blair, Clancy. 2002. “School Readiness: Integrating Cognition and Emotion in a Neurobiological Conceptualization of Children’s Functioning at School Entry.” American Psychologist.
Cattell, Raymond B. 1943. “The Measurement of Adult Intelligence.” Psychological Bulletin.
Chi, Michelene T. H., Robert Glaser, and Marshall J. Farr. 1988. The Nature of Expertise. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cowan, Nelson. 2010. “The Magical Mystery Four: How Is Working Memory Capacity Limited, and Why?” Current Directions in Psychological Science.
Duncker, Karl. 1945. “On Problem Solving.” Psychological Monographs.
Flavell, John H. 1979. “Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring.” American Psychologist.
Flynn, James R. 1987. “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure.” Psychological Bulletin.
Gardner, Howard. 1983. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basic Books.
Goleman, Daniel. 1995. Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
Janis, Irving L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. Houghton Mifflin.
Johnson, Steven. 2018. Farsighted: How We Make the Decisions That Matter the Most. Riverhead Books.
Jung, Rex E., and Richard J. Haier. 2007. “The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of Intelligence.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
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25 Creativity
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26 Behavior: Inside to Out
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27 Consequences, Rationalizations, and Learning
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28 Pride (Humble or Hubristic), Embarrassment, Guilt, and Shame
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29 Temperament, Personality, and Identity
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30 Learning Our Identities
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31 Choosing Our Identities
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32 Identity Stories
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33 Identities on Display
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34 Identity Clashes
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35 Identities to Die (and Kill) For
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36 You Are a Social Animal (Except When You Are Not)
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37 The Hierarchy of Human Relationships
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38 One-on-One: Bridges and Barriers
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39 Selfishness vs. Selflessness
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40 Sex (Drives)
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41 Coupling
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42 Families (God Bless ’Em) Are Messy
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43 Tribes: Just Us or Us vs. Them
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44 Religion
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45 Cults of Many Colors
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46 Myths That Bind the Masses
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48 Social Contracts
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48 Boundaries, Borders, and the Human Search for Autonomy
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49 Politics
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50 When Groups Go Horribly Wrong
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51 The Ethics of War and Pacifism
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52 Utopia?
Bacon, Francis. 1627. New Atlantis. Cambridge University Press.
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54 The Stakes
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harcourt.
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55 Caring for Our Environment
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56 Vetting Our Influencers
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57 Honoring Our Philosophers
Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Harcourt, Brace & Company.
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Stephen, Alain. 2017. Why We Think the Things We Think: Philosophy in a Nutshell. Constable.
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58 Sharpening Our Senses
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59 Honing Our Memory
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60 Healing Our Mind
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61 Managing Our Addictions
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62 Questioning Our Free Will
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65 Choosing Our Religions
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68 Moderating Our Emotions
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69 Getting Humor
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71 Directing Our Behavior: Doing the Least Harm
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72 Finding Pleasure and Happiness
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75 Building Healthy Relationships
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79 When Your Country Goes Wrong
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80 Defending Ourselves
Billikopf, Gregorio. 2012. “Receiving Criticism Without Defensiveness.” University of California Agricultural Extension.
Brown, Brené. 2012. Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead. Avery.
Brown, Lachlan. 2024. “8 Situations in Life Where the Best Thing to Do Is Remain Silent.” Online article.
Cherry, Kendra. 2024. “20 Defense Mechanisms We Use to Protect Ourselves.” Online article.
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81 Balancing Selfishness and Selflessness (Me vs. We)
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82 Sharing Our Creations
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Forgeard, Marie J. C., and Jason Elstein. 2014. “Positive Psychology and Creative Expression.” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts.
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83 Discovering Our Purpose(s)
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Bering, Jesse M. 2011. The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life. W. W. Norton.
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84 Future Nature: AI and Beyond
Blackman, Reid. 2022. Ethical Machines: Your Concise Guide to Totally Unbiased, Transparent, and Respectful AI. Harvard Business Review Press.
Bostrom, Nick. 2014. Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
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Floridi, Luciano. 2019. The Logic of Information: A Theory of Philosophy as Conceptual Design. Oxford University Press.
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Harari, Yuval Noah. 2018. 21 Lessons for the 21st Century. Spiegel & Grau.
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Mitchell, Melanie. 2019. Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence. National Academies Press.
Russell, Stuart, and Peter Norvig. 2021. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson.
Tegmark, Max. 2017. Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Knopf.

85 Making Our World a More Survivable Place
Batson, C. Daniel. 2011. Altruism in Humans. Oxford University Press.
Dalai Lama. 1999. Ethics for the New Millennium. Riverhead Books.
Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
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Gilbert, Daniel. 2006. Stumbling on Happiness. Knopf.
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Nowak, Martin A. 2011. SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. Free Press.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
Singer, Peter. 2015. Animal Liberation. HarperCollins.
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Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett. 2009. The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane.

86 A Closing Case for Pragmatic Humanism
Batson, C. Daniel. 2011. Altruism in Humans. Oxford University Press.
Damasio, Antonio R. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
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Gilbert, Daniel. 2006. Stumbling on Happiness. Knopf.
Hook, Sidney. 1974. Humanism and Pragmatism. Prometheus Books.
Kurtz, Paul. 2000. Embracing the Power of Humanism. Rowman & Littlefield.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1981. After Virtue. University of Notre Dame Press.
Nowak, Martin A. 2011. SuperCooperators: Altruism, Evolution, and Why We Need Each Other to Succeed. Free Press.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1986. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Harvard University Press.
Pinker, Steven. 2011. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
Pinker, Steven. 2018. Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.
Ricard, Matthieu. 2016. Altruism: The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World. Little, Brown and Company.
Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.

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